In the early 2010s, interest surged in feeding dogs a raw food diet meant to imitate the diet wild dogs would have eaten thousands of years ago. This dog fad diet emerged when more and more people were exploring the paleo diet, which posits that eating "like our ancestors"—meaning only foods that could have ostensibly been hunted or gathered—aligns with our genetics. The paleo diet has long been debunked, but it remains popular: The paleo global foods market was estimated to be worth $12 billion in 2023, according to Global Industry Analysts.

Proponents of the raw food diet for dogs—which consists of ground or whole raw meats and bones, as well as raw fruits, veggies, and eggs—say it can result in higher energy levels, healthier coats, and cleaner teeth, among other benefits. Still, it can come with health risks for our four-legged friends too.

Veterinarians warn that a diet of raw meat and vegetables alone can result in serious nutritional deficiencies and that raw meats and eggs often carry food-borne illnesses like salmonella, which pose a threat to both animals and humans. The American Veterinary Medical Association has warned against feeding dogs a raw food diet and suggests pasteurizing or cooking these foods to reduce the risk of contamination.

About 1% of American adults were vegan in 2023, according to a Gallup poll on eating preferences. Veganism peaked in 2018 at 3% of American adults, while vegetarianism was at its highest between 1999 and 2001 at 6%. Since human diet culture trends often make their way into the foods people feed their pets, discourse about vegan dog diets has become increasingly visible in the media and within communities of dog owners.

Plant-based, commercially produced dog foods often include ingredients like tofu, sweet potatoes, quinoa, and flaxseed oil, among other things. While vegan dog diets have been a source of controversy, with critics arguing that it is unethical not to feed dogs meat, the nutritional science around the health of vegan diets for dogs is inconclusive. While cats are obligate carnivores, meaning they derive essential nutrients from eating meat, dogs are more omnivorous and can, with a carefully balanced diet, be sustained by nonmeat-based foods. If you try a vegan dog diet, veterinarians advise monitoring your pet's taurine, vitamin B12, and omega-3 levels to ensure they get the necessary nutrients.

Grain-free pet foods rose in popularity as more Americans embraced keto and paleo diets, which mostly eschew grains and carbohydrates in favor of meats and vegetables. Grain-free dog food brands marketed the inclusion of grains as nutritionally worthless "fillers." Still, veterinarians and animal nutrition experts have since cited the nutritional value of grains for a well-rounded dog diet.

In 2018, the FDA investigated increased reports of canine dilated cardiomyopathy, a heart disease that can be fatal to dogs. Many of these reports were associated with the consumption of grain-free dog food. Part of the link between canine dilated cardiomyopathy and diet appears to be insufficient taurine, a vital amino acid. Though there has not been proven causation between grain-free dog foods and heart disease, experts have cautioned consumers to stick with popular, well-vetted dog food brands that contain grains and meat.

Amid concerns over tainted pet food in the 2000s, some pet owners decided to forgo store-bought food altogether and cook for their furry companions instead. There's nothing wrong with making homemade meals for dogs, and there are two sides to the argument. There is no proof that homemade food is better than commercial products, but then feeding processed foods is also akin to "eating the same highly processed food for every meal, day after day, for years," Dr. Joe Bartge told the American Kennel Club. Vets advise reading carefully about dog nutrition beforehand.

For one, several human foods make dogs sick—including onion and garlic, grapes, and avocados—so it's best to steer clear of those ingredients. Additionally, getting the balance of nutrients just right is imperative to keeping your dog healthy. If there is too much or too little of a certain vitamin or other nutrients in the food, your dog could develop severe health issues. It is important to consult a board-certified veterinary nutritionist about making home-cooked dog food and avoid generic internet recipes that may not have been developed by experts.

Story editing by Carren Jao. Additional editing by Kelly Glass. Copy editing by Paris Close. Photo selection by Lacy Kerrick.