It was her research on the song sparrow near her home in Columbus, Ohio, in the 1920s and 1930s that cemented her reputation as a brilliant observer and analyst of animal behavior. Through observation and incorporating the novel use of colored leg bands to distinguish individual birds, Nice was able to determine the meaning of territorial behavior, to establish who was menacing whom and to what end.

She described her technique as a "phenomenological method" and wrote about it as part of a study published in 1943. Affection and anthropomorphism are plain to see in Nice's work, particularly in her popularized account of song sparrow research. In this passage from "The Watcher at the Nest," she wrote, "When I first studied the Song Sparrows…I had looked upon Song Sparrow 4M as a truculent, meddlesome neighbor; but…I discovered him to be a delightful bird, spirited, an accomplished songster and a devoted father."

This perspective may seem naïve or overly subjective. But emotion and "sympathetic observation" go hand in hand and have been vital to ethologists, field biologists and ecologists from Nice's time to the present. Harry Greene, an ecologist at Cornell University, writes in "Tracks and Shadows" that scientists "use human perceptions, intuition, and feelings, our inner worlds, to forge novel, testable hypotheses about those of other species."

For some scientists and social theorists, the conceit that one could develop affection for an animal or understand what an animal thinks was a dangerous form of projection. Yet Nice's phenomenological method of studying bird behavior is, even today, an essential piece of how people see the natural world.

Editor's note: Kristoffer Whitney is Assistant Professor of Science, Technology and Society, Rochester Institute of Technology.

This story was produced by The Conversation and reviewed and distributed by Stacker Media.